Programming

Iteration with FOR, WHILE, and REPEAT

Count-controlled, pre-condition, and post-condition loops, when to use each one, and how to avoid endless loops.

Examples use Cambridge pseudocode for the 2026–2028 syllabus.

Three kinds of loop

Iteration repeats a block of statements. Pick the loop by what you know before it starts:

Loop	Type	Use when	Runs at least once?
`FOR ... NEXT`	Count-controlled	You know how many times to repeat	Depends on the range
`WHILE ... ENDWHILE`	Pre-condition	You repeat while a condition is TRUE, checked before each run	No: may run zero times
`REPEAT ... UNTIL`	Post-condition	You repeat until a condition is TRUE, checked after each run	Yes

FOR loops

A FOR loop gives a counter variable each value from a start to an end. Add STEP to count in different jumps, including backwards.

Pseudocode

DECLARE Count : INTEGER
FOR Count <- 1 TO 5
    OUTPUT Count * Count
NEXT Count

Trace: squares from 1 to 5

Count	OUTPUT
1	1
2	4
3	9
4	16
5	25

Step 1 / 5

Counting backwards with STEP

Pseudocode

DECLARE Seconds : INTEGER
FOR Seconds <- 10 TO 0 STEP -2
    OUTPUT Seconds
NEXT Seconds
OUTPUT "Lift off!"

WHILE loops

A WHILE loop checks its condition first. If the condition is FALSE at the start, the body never runs. Use it when you might not need to repeat at all.

Pseudocode

DECLARE Balance : REAL
DECLARE Years : INTEGER
Balance <- 100
Years <- 0
WHILE Balance < 200 DO
    Balance <- Balance * 1.05
    Years <- Years + 1
ENDWHILE
OUTPUT "Doubled after ", Years, " years"

REPEAT ... UNTIL loops

A REPEAT loop runs its body first and checks the condition afterwards, so it always runs at least once. This is perfect for asking for input, because you have to ask before you can check.

Pseudocode

DECLARE Guess : INTEGER
REPEAT
    OUTPUT "Guess the number"
    INPUT Guess
UNTIL Guess = 7
OUTPUT "Correct!"

Watch out. A condition loop must change something its condition depends on. If nothing inside the loop can make the condition change, the loop never ends.

Nested loops

A loop inside a loop runs the inner loop completely for every pass of the outer loop. This prints a times table grid.

Pseudocode

DECLARE Row : INTEGER
DECLARE Column : INTEGER
FOR Row <- 1 TO 3
    FOR Column <- 1 TO 3
        OUTPUT Row, " x ", Column, " = ", Row * Column
    NEXT Column
NEXT Row

Check yourself

Which loop should ask for a password until it is correct?Show answer

REPEAT ... UNTIL: the password must be asked for at least once before it can be checked.

How many times does the inner statement run in the nested loop example?Show answer

3 × 3 = 9 times.

What is output by FOR I <- 2 TO 10 STEP 4?Show answer

2, 6, 10.

References used to build these lessons

We used these official documents as references when building this course's lessons. They are the sources for the syllabus structure and course requirements.

Cambridge International · 2210 · Exams 2026–2028

Syllabus reference PDF Official source